Heroin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Heroin. INN: Diamorphine. It is also used less commonly as a cough suppressant and as an antidiarrhoeal. Heroin is used as a recreational drug for its euphoric effects. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence. In some countries it is also given to long- term users as a form of opioid replacement therapy alongside counseling. It is the 3,6- diacetylester of morphine. Heroin was first made by C. Alder Wright in 1. Internationally, heroin is controlled under Schedules I and IV of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. Methadone maintenance treatment can keep people who are dependent on heroin in treatment programs and reduce their use of heroin. Methadone is the most widely used replacement for heroin in medically-supported maintenance or.In 2. 01. 2 Afghanistan produced 9. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post- surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end- stage cancer and other terminal illnesses. In other countries it is more common to use morphine or other strong opioids in these situations. In 2. 00. 4 the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, a non- departmental public body of the Department of Health in the United Kingdom, produced guidance on the management of caesarian section, which recommended the use of intrathecal or epidural diamorphine for post- operative pain relief. Although there is no longer a problem with the manufacturing of diamorphine in the UK, some hospitals there have continued to use morphine. The majority, however, continue to use diamorphine, and diamorphine tablets are supplied for pain management. Diamorphine continues to be widely used in palliative care in the UK, where it is commonly given by the subcutaneous route, often via a syringe driver, if patients cannot easily swallow oral morphine solution. The advantage of diamorphine over morphine is that diamorphine is more fat soluble and therefore more potent by injection, so smaller doses of it are needed for the same analgesic effect. Both of these factors are advantageous if giving high doses of opioids via the subcutaneous route, which is often necessary in palliative care. The medical use of diamorphine, in common with other strong opioids such as morphine, fentanyl and oxycodone, is controlled in the UK by the Misuse of Drugs Act 1. In the UK it is a class A controlled drug and as such is subject to guidelines surrounding its storage, administration and destruction. Possession of diamorphine without a prescription is an arrestable offence. When diamorphine is prescribed in a hospital or similar environment, its administration must be supervised by two people who must then complete and sign a controlled drugs register (CD register) detailing the patient's name, amount, time, date and route of administration. In the case of a physician administering diamorphine, then he/she may administer the drug alone, however the rule requiring two registered practitioners, such as a nurse, midwife or another physician to sign the CD register still applies. The use of a witness when administering diamorphine is to avoid the possibility of the drug being diverted onto the black market. For safety reasons, many UK National Health Service hospitals now only permit the administration of intravenous diamorphine in designated areas. Soldiers, Hippies and Richard Nixon – An American History of Methadone. Health Canada Approves Heroin Maintenance. Prescription heroin programs have been established in several European. Call 1-888-319-2606 to speak to a treatment support specialist about heroin recovery programs. You can receive options based on your insurance coverage. There are two basic forms of heroin abuse treatment: outpatient and. In practice this usually means a critical care unit, an accident and emergency department, operating theatres by an anaesthetist or nurse anaesthetist or other such areas where close monitoring and support from senior staff is immediately available. However, administration by other routes is permitted in other areas of the hospital. This includes subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenously as part of a patient controlled analgesia setup, and as an already established epiduralinfusion pump. Subcutaneous infusion, along with subcutaneous and intramuscular injection (bolus administration), is often used in the patient's own home, in order to treat severe pain in terminal illness. Recreational. Diamorphine, almost always still called by its original trade name of heroin in non- medical settings, is used as a recreational drug for the intense euphoria it induces. Anthropologist Michael Agar once described heroin as . Its popularity with recreational drug users, compared to morphine, reportedly stems from its perceived different effects. Some believe that heroin produces more euphoria than other opioids; one possible explanation is the presence of 6- monoacetylmorphine, a metabolite unique to heroin . While other opioids of recreational use produce only morphine, heroin also leaves 6- MAM, also a psycho- active metabolite. Estimate that the cost of heroin addiction in the United States was US$21.9 billion in 1996. The idea of such 'heroin maintenance' programs. Info on Heroin / methadone presented by Narconon. In methadone maintenance programs, methadone is dispensed to tolerant persons. Language: English (US). This article covers the basics and essentials of heroin detox. If you or a loved one need help detoxing from heroin, contact Michael's House today. However, this perception is not supported by the results of clinical studies comparing the physiological and subjective effects of injected heroin and morphine in individuals formerly addicted to opioids; these subjects showed no preference for one drug over the other. Equipotent injected doses had comparable action courses, with no difference in subjects' self- rated feelings of euphoria, ambition, nervousness, relaxation, drowsiness, or sleepiness. When compared to the opioids hydromorphone, fentanyl, oxycodone, and pethidine (meperidine), former addicts showed a strong preference for heroin and morphine, suggesting that heroin and morphine are particularly susceptible to abuse and addiction. Morphine and heroin were also much more likely to produce euphoria and other positive subjective effects when compared to these other opioids. In Righteous Dopefiend, Philippe Bourgois and Jeff Schonberg use anomie theory to explain why people begin using heroin. By analyzing a community in San Francisco, they demonstrated that heroin use was caused in part by internal and external factors such as violent homes and parental neglect. This lack of emotional, social, and financial support causes strain and influences individuals to engage in deviant acts, including heroin usage. It is only prescribed following exhaustive efforts at treatment via other means. It is sometimes thought that heroin users can walk into a clinic and walk out with a prescription, but the process takes many weeks before a prescription for diamorphine is issued. Though this is somewhat controversial among proponents of a zero- tolerancedrug policy, it has proven superior to methadone in improving the social and health situations of addicts. The law was made more restrictive in 1. Beginning in the 1. UK are prescribed diamorphine. The aim of this program was to maintain the health of the user by avoiding medical problems stemming from the illicit use of diamorphine. The first trial in 1. The trials proved diamorphine maintenance to be superior to other forms of treatment in improving the social and health situation for this group of patients. They are required to contribute about 4. Swiss francs per month to the treatment costs. The previous trials were based on time- limited executive ordinances. The success of the Swiss trials led German, Dutch. Later in 2. 01. 0 other cities including . It was supposed that around 2. Studies have shown that the subjective pleasure of drug use (the reinforcing component of addiction) is proportional to the rate at which the blood level of the drug increases. While the onset of the rush induced by injection can occur in as little as a few seconds, the oral route of administration requires approximately half an hour before the high sets in. Thus, with both higher the dosage of heroin used and faster the route of administration used, the higher potential risk for psychological addiction. Large doses of heroin can cause fatal respiratory depression, and the drug has been used for suicide or as a murder weapon. The serial killer Harold Shipman used diamorphine on his victims, and the subsequent Shipman Inquiry led to a tightening of the regulations surrounding the storage, prescribing and destruction of controlled drugs in the UK. John Bodkin Adams is also known to have used heroin as a murder weapon. Because significant tolerance to respiratory depression develops quickly with continued use and is lost just as quickly during withdrawal. Examples include the overdose deaths of Sid Vicious, Janis Joplin, Tim Buckley, Hillel Slovak, Layne Staley, Bradley Nowell, Ted Binion, and River Phoenix. Heroin's oral bioavailability is both dose- dependent (as is morphine's) and significantly higher than oral use of morphine itself, reaching up to 6. The maximum plasma concentration of morphine following oral administration of heroin was around twice as much as that of oral morphine. Heroin base (commonly found in Europe), when prepared for injection, will only dissolve in water when mixed with an acid (most commonly citric acid powder or lemon juice) and heated. Heroin in the east- coast United States is most commonly found in the hydrochloride salt form, requiring just water (and no heat) to dissolve. Users tend to initially inject in the easily accessible arm veins, but as these veins collapse over time, users resort to more dangerous areas of the body, such as the femoral vein in the groin. Users who have used this route of administration often develop a deep vein thrombosis. The dose of heroin used for recreational purposes is dependent on the frequency and level of use: thus a first- time user may use between 5 and 2. As with the injection of any drug, if a group of users share a common needle without sterilization procedures, blood- borne diseases, such as HIV or hepatitis, can be transmitted. The use of a common dispenser for water for the use in the preparation of the injection, as well as the sharing of spoons and/or filters can also cause the spread of blood- borne diseases. Many countries now supply small sterile spoons and filters for single use in order to prevent the spread of disease. It is commonly smoked in glass pipes made from glassblown. Pyrex tubes and light bulbs. It can also be smoked off aluminium foil, which is heated underneath by a flame and the resulting smoke is inhaled through a tube of rolled up foil, This method is also known as .
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. Archives
December 2016
Categories |